{"_note":"Chinese-EV tariff and policy tracker (build-ev-tariffs.py -> site/ev-tariffs.html). Add a timeline entry {date, market, title, detail, src:[name,url]} whenever a duty, quota, ban or undertaking changes, and update the matching market's 'now' row. Dates ISO.",
"asof":"2026-10-27",
"markets":[
 {"id":"us","market":"United States","flag":"🇺🇸","now":"100% Section 301 tariff on Chinese EVs (plus the 2.5% base duty and 2025 reciprocal tariffs); connected-vehicle rule bans Chinese software from model year 2027 and hardware from 2030. Effectively no Chinese-brand EVs on sale.","rate":"100%+","status":"closed","detail":"The 100% Section 301 rate took effect September 27, 2024 and has not been reversed. The Commerce Department's connected-vehicle rule took effect March 2026 and covers companies with significant Chinese ownership; Volvo (Geely-owned) received approval to keep selling cars with Chinese-developed software. Chinese batteries face a 25% Section 301 rate and lithium-ion tariffs rise further in 2026.","src":[["CNBC, June 2026: Chinese EVs may hit the US within a few years","https://www.cnbc.com/2026/06/06/chinese-evs-auto-sales-manufacturing-us.html"],["USTR Section 301 four-year review","https://ustr.gov/"]]},
 {"id":"eu","market":"European Union","flag":"🇪🇺","now":"Countervailing duties of 7.8% (Tesla), 17% (BYD), 18.8% (Geely), 20.7% (cooperating firms incl. NIO, XPeng) and 35.3% (SAIC and non-cooperating), on top of the 10% car duty, for five years from October 30, 2024. Since January 2026 a company can replace the duty with an accepted minimum-price undertaking, assessed model by model.","rate":"17.8–45.3% total","status":"partial","detail":"The Commission published guidance on price undertakings on January 12, 2026: a maker commits to a minimum import price, sales-channel and cross-compensation rules and EU investment, and the duty is lifted for that model. Reports name Volkswagen Anhui's Cupra Tavascan as the first accepted offer (February 2026); BYD, Geely and SAIC offers were under review as of September 2026. Chinese makers are also localizing: BYD Hungary (2026) and Turkey, Chery Spain, Leapmotor via Stellantis in Spain.","src":[["electrive, Jan 12, 2026: EU guidance on the minimum price mechanism","https://www.electrive.com/2026/01/12/good-bye-tariffs-eu-publishes-guidance-on-minimum-price-mechanism-with-china/"],["Europeans24, Sept 2026: EU–China EV trade status","https://europeans24.com/2026/09/eu-china-ev-trade-war-2026-tariffs-price-floors-rare-earths/"]]},
 {"id":"ca","market":"Canada","flag":"🇨🇦","now":"The 100% surtax (October 2024) is replaced for a quota: 49,000 Chinese EVs a year in 2026 at the 6.1% MFN rate, rising to 70,000 by 2030, in exchange for China cutting tariffs on Canadian canola and other farm goods. Above the quota the 100% rate still applies.","rate":"6.1% in quota / 100% over","status":"quota","detail":"Agreed during Prime Minister Carney's January 2026 Beijing visit; the first quota period opened March 1, 2026 and a second import notice took effect September 1, 2026. BYD, Chery and others are preparing Canadian launches for 2026–27; the US has objected under USMCA.","src":[["Globe and Mail: Canada on track for increased low-tariff Chinese EV imports","https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article-canada-remains-on-track-for-increased-low-tariff-chinese-ev-imports/"],["Axios, Jan 16, 2026: Chinese EVs closing in on America after Canadian deal","https://www.axios.com/2026/01/16/trump-tariffs-china-ev-deal"]]},
 {"id":"mx","market":"Mexico","flag":"🇲🇽","now":"50% tariff on cars imported from countries without a trade agreement (China, Korea, India and others) from January 1, 2026, up from 20%. Chinese brands were about a quarter of Mexican sales in 2025.","rate":"50%","status":"high","detail":"Approved by Congress in December 2025 as part of a package covering 1,400 tariff lines, aimed at protecting Mexican plants and satisfying US USMCA demands. Chinese makers are responding with local assembly plans (BYD paused, Chery/Omoda, JAC, Geely studying).","src":[["Council on Foreign Relations: Mexico and Canada's Chinese EV imports","https://www.cfr.org/articles/what-canadian-and-mexican-ev-imports-from-china-mean-for-the-united-states"]]},
 {"id":"br","market":"Brazil","flag":"🇧🇷","now":"Import tax on EVs reached 35% on July 1, 2026, the end of a step-up that began at 10% in January 2024. A zero-tariff quota (US$463 million, July–December 2026) covers CKD/SKD kits for local assembly; kits reach 35% in January 2027.","rate":"35%","status":"high","detail":"BYD's Camaçari plant (Bahia) and GWM's Iracemápolis plant assemble locally to get under the tariff. Brazil is BYD's largest market outside China.","src":[["China Global South: Brazil tariffs, the next battle for Chinese EVs","https://chinaglobalsouth.com/analysis/weekly-digest-brazil-tariffs-next-battle-chinese-evs-global-south/"],["Import guide: Brazil 2026 tariff and CKD/SKD rules","https://www.auto-in-china.com/import-chinese-cars-to-brazil/"]]},
 {"id":"tr","market":"Turkey","flag":"🇹🇷","now":"Additional 40% duty (minimum $7,000 per car) on all China-built vehicles since July 2024, with exemptions for makers that invest in Turkish production (BYD's Manisa plant, Chery). Some 2026 reports cite 50%; not confirmed by an official notice.","rate":"40% extra","status":"high","detail":"Turkey sits inside the EU customs union for cars, so Turkish-built BYDs enter the EU duty-free; the Manisa plant (150,000 a year) is due to start in 2026.","src":[["Fastmarkets global EV tariff tracker","https://www.fastmarkets.com/insights/global-ev-tariff-tracker-2024-exploring-import-duties-and-trade-policies/"]]},
 {"id":"uk","market":"United Kingdom","flag":"🇬🇧","now":"No extra tariff: Chinese EVs pay the standard 10% car duty. The Trade Remedies Authority did not open a case, and the government has said it is monitoring rather than acting. BYD, MG (SAIC), Omoda/Jaecoo, XPeng, Leapmotor and others sell freely; Chinese brands are above 10% of UK sales.","rate":"10% standard","status":"open","detail":"The Electric Car Grant (2025–) excludes most China-built cars through its manufacturing-emissions test, which is the UK's main lever. Reports in October 2026 describe the UK as considering, not enacting, additional measures.","src":[["Chiang Rai Times: Chinese EVs and global tariff responses","https://www.chiangraitimes.com/auto/chinese-evs-global-tariffs/"]]},
 {"id":"in","market":"India","flag":"🇮🇳","now":"Import duty of 70% (under $40,000) to 100% (above) on built-up cars. The 2024 EV policy cuts it to 15% for up to 8,000 cars a year for makers that commit $500 million to local production; Chinese firms face additional investment scrutiny (Press Note 3).","rate":"70–100%","status":"closed","detail":"BYD's expansion plans were blocked in 2023; MG (SAIC, via JSW) is the main Chinese-linked brand. VinFast, Tesla and others use the 15% scheme.","src":[["chinaevmarket.com: Chinese EV import regulations by country","https://chinaevmarket.com/chinese-ev-import-regulations-by-country/"]]},
 {"id":"au","market":"Australia","flag":"🇦🇺","now":"No tariff on EVs (the 5% duty was removed in July 2022) and a China–Australia free trade agreement. BYD is a top-five brand; Chinese brands are about a fifth of the market.","rate":"0%","status":"open","detail":"The New Vehicle Efficiency Standard (2025–) rewards low-emission imports, which favors Chinese EVs further.","src":[["Fastmarkets: Global EV tariffs charge up trade debate","https://www.fastmarkets.com/insights/global-ev-tariffs-charge-up-trade-debate/"]]},
 {"id":"th","market":"Thailand and Southeast Asia","flag":"🇹🇭","now":"Thailand: zero duty under the China–ASEAN agreement plus EV3.5 subsidies tied to local production from 2026 (BYD Rayong, GWM, MG, Changan, GAC plants). Indonesia and Malaysia offer similar build-here incentives; Vietnam protects VinFast.","rate":"0% + local-build rules","status":"open","detail":"Chinese brands hold roughly 70–80% of Thai EV sales. The region is the main export destination for China's record 558,000 NEV exports in September 2026.","src":[["CnEVPost, Oct 12, 2026: September NEV exports","https://cnevpost.com/2026/10/12/china-sept-2026-nev-retail-cpca/"]]}
],
"timeline":[
 {"date":"2024-05-14","market":"US","title":"US raises Section 301 tariff on Chinese EVs to 100%","detail":"Announced May 14, 2024; in force September 27, 2024. Lithium-ion EV batteries to 25%.","src":["USTR","https://ustr.gov/"]},
 {"date":"2024-07-08","market":"Turkey","title":"Turkey adds 40% (min $7,000) on China-built cars","detail":"Exemptions later added for makers investing in Turkey.","src":["Fastmarkets","https://www.fastmarkets.com/insights/global-ev-tariff-tracker-2024-exploring-import-duties-and-trade-policies/"]},
 {"date":"2024-10-01","market":"Canada","title":"Canada imposes 100% surtax on Chinese EVs","detail":"Matching the US; 25% on Chinese steel and aluminum the same month.","src":["Wikipedia: Canada–China trade war","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93China_trade_war"]},
 {"date":"2024-10-30","market":"EU","title":"EU countervailing duties take effect for five years","detail":"7.8% Tesla, 17% BYD, 18.8% Geely, 20.7% cooperating, 35.3% SAIC and others, on top of 10%.","src":["European Commission","https://policy.trade.ec.europa.eu/"]},
 {"date":"2025-12-10","market":"Mexico","title":"Mexico's Congress approves 50% tariff on cars from non-FTA countries","detail":"Effective January 1, 2026; part of a package covering 1,400 tariff lines.","src":["CFR","https://www.cfr.org/articles/what-canadian-and-mexican-ev-imports-from-china-mean-for-the-united-states"]},
 {"date":"2026-01-12","market":"EU","title":"Commission publishes guidance on minimum-price undertakings","detail":"A model-by-model route to replace the duty with a price floor plus investment commitments.","src":["electrive","https://www.electrive.com/2026/01/12/good-bye-tariffs-eu-publishes-guidance-on-minimum-price-mechanism-with-china/"]},
 {"date":"2026-01-16","market":"Canada","title":"Canada–China deal: 49,000 EVs a year at 6.1%","detail":"Agreed in Beijing; quota rises to 70,000 by 2030; China cuts canola tariffs in return.","src":["Axios","https://www.axios.com/2026/01/16/trump-tariffs-china-ev-deal"]},
 {"date":"2026-02-10","market":"EU","title":"First price undertaking accepted (Cupra Tavascan, VW Anhui)","detail":"Reported as the first model to exit the countervailing duty under the new mechanism.","src":["electric-vehicles.com","https://eletric-vehicles.com/general/european-commission-issues-guidance-for-chinese-ev-makers-seeking-tariff-alternatives/"]},
 {"date":"2026-03-01","market":"Canada","title":"First Canadian quota period opens","detail":"Second import notice took effect September 1, 2026.","src":["Globe and Mail","https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article-canada-remains-on-track-for-increased-low-tariff-chinese-ev-imports/"]},
 {"date":"2026-03-17","market":"US","title":"Connected-vehicle rule takes effect","detail":"Bans vehicles with Chinese- or Russian-controlled connectivity software from model year 2027; hardware from 2030. Volvo granted an authorization to continue.","src":["CNBC","https://www.cnbc.com/2026/06/06/chinese-evs-auto-sales-manufacturing-us.html"]},
 {"date":"2026-07-01","market":"Brazil","title":"Brazil's EV import tax reaches 35%","detail":"End of the 2024–26 step-up; CKD/SKD zero-tariff quota of US$463 million through December.","src":["China Global South","https://chinaglobalsouth.com/analysis/weekly-digest-brazil-tariffs-next-battle-chinese-evs-global-south/"]}
]}